Rock Settlements in Central Sicily (Italy) Between Late Antiquity and Middle Ages- Juniper Publishers
Archaeology & Anthropology- Juniper Publishers
Abstract
The rupestrian habitat is a distinctive element of
the Mediterranean landscape. It is more a dwelling culture which has
been shared by different civilizations; a global phenomenon should be
investigated in all of its aspects. The Northern area of central Sicily
(Italy) has considerable archaeological potential, mainly linked to the
impressive rocky habitat scenery.A great connection is evident between
the settlements in Late Antiquity, mainly linked to the burial caves and
the network of roads connected to the main traffic routes known by the
ancient sources, later to be linked to the Italian-Greek monasteries.
Many of them are located just on the Nebrodi Mountains, where - it’s no
coincidence - the Byzantine army reorganizes himself against the Islamic
advance.
Keywords:Central
Sicily; Rupestrian habitat; Ancient viability; Landscape; Mediterranean
area; Tyrrhenian Coast; Population; Roman age; Poleographic; Island;
Mountains; History; Rocky ridges; Classical age
Introduction
Sicily is located in the south of Italy, in the
central Mediterranean area (Figure 1). The history of Isle, is the
result of a long and a complex process that has been going on for quite a
while; a place of ancient and several relationships, which has made it
the centre of attraction of the population, defining an ancient
landscape that was to be very different from the actual
image with few towns, especially located on the coast of the isle.The
area of central Sicily is the natural geographical center of the Island;
it is crossed by a connected road network between Eastern Sicily and
the Tyrrhenian Coast, and the inland areas that in the Roman Age were
constituted by the important highway Via Valeria, mentioned in the
Itinerarium Antonini[1] (Figure 2).


Since ancient times, the presence of different geomorphologic
characteristics and environmental factors, has obviously
influenced the poleographic distribution and the types of
settlements, which takes on deep diversified aspects in the
south and north of the current Province (Enna), the result of a
choice that depended on the divisions of modern administration,
not coinciding, in any way, with a precise entity of the Ancient
Age.Unlike what is known in the scientific literature, in this
very neglected area of research, which in the past has given
priority to Sicily’s coastline and the monumental evidence of
the classical age, but instead, is characterized by a long history
of human settlement that in different centuries had involved its
neighborhoods.Even more serious, is the gap in the Northern
area of the province, involving the re-collapsed territories in
the ancient Val Demone, and characterized by a habitat which
is typically rocky.Unknown are the real sizes and chronological
terms.
The rocky habitat in the central area of the Island, partially
know by ancient travelers [2]and historians[3], is still visible
today in some parts of the Nebrodi Mountains (Figure 3).
However, a systematic and comprehensive survey of the sites
is missing; most of which are unknown, that up until now, the
possibilities of a typological and chronological setting of the
occurrences in the central Sicily were precluded, otherwise
noted in Central and Southern Italy and in the Mediterranean
area.

The use of the rocky units, characterized by stratifications,
due to the continuous and prolonged use in time, and the
transformations consequent to the changes: funeral, cultic,
housing or productive, have obliterated, in most cases, the
testimonies related to the most ancient phases and make it very
difficult to clarify the origin and the evolution of the formation
of the “settlement landscape” in Late Antiquity [4].Thanks
to the systematic archaeological surveys carried out in the
territory of Nicosia and Sperlinga have been uncovered several
settlement burials of Late Antique Age [5], located in closely
topographic proximity with the viability system towards the
Nebrodi Mountain, where the Byzantine Empire organized the
last defence against the Islamic advance in Sicily. The strategic
importance of this area will be further confirmed later when it
became the military stronghold of the Norman Conquest and of
the reorganization of the Christian church promoted on Sicily
from the Great Count Roger.
Despite the problems of research related to the exploration
of the territory and the difficulty of establishing an absolute
chronology; in the absence of systematic archaeological
investigations and sources, the rocky habitat - the settlement
phenomenon that lasts a lifetime not inferior to the urban
model-it is increasingly getting to be an essential component
of the process of rural settlement common in many areas of
the Mediterranean, often gives us back the strong connection
of thesettlement in Antiquity, characterized by the continued
use of the rock unit with different functional purposes in the
various times [6]. The setting of the settlement dynamics of
this area of inland Sicily, is closely linked to the rocky habitat,
which strictly speaking, must be considered the archaeological
heritage of Enna landscape, historically ‘layered’, affected by
continuing settlements, long a wide chronological span that
from prehistory, even in its various links and transformations,
reaches to nowadays.
The reinterpretation of the rock habitat has produced as an
important result, the beginning of cataloging its own elements
of the environment, such as road networks, the rural landscape,
toponomy, also through the re-interpretation of the sources.
In particular, the viability of the territory, presents itself as
researches primary objective for the importance that it seems to
have played in the dynamics of the population.The road routes
have influenced the life and development of the settlements,
or were the logical consequence, especially in the Middle Ages.
Reorganization of the dromos in the Byzantine Age, along the
rocky areas of the Nebrodi Mountains [7], permitted to link the
continuity of life in the Late Antiquity settlements along the
two inland roads to Gangi that constitutes one of the important
road axes heading towards Messina.The narrow interconnection
between viability and distribution of the settlements clearly
emerges for this territory, documented for the late Roman and
Late Antique Age by the numerous burials with arcosolium
tombs (Figure 4), dug at the top of the rocky ridges, which draw,
despite the simple of the excavation documented in most of the
cases, the types of catacombs present in the Syracuse area [8].

The location of the burials spaces and of the related
settlements must be, therefore, brought into relation with the
organization of the roads of the territory, and, in particular, with
the ancient roads, many of which reused and espanded in the
18th century (called in the sources “regie trazzere”) [9], still in
use today that from Nicosia lead respectively to the centers of
Agira and to Sperlinga and Gangi, through the neighborhoods of
Casalini and Vaccarra (proposal for identifying Imachara, ancient
city know by the sources), along the river Sperlinga.In fact, the
development of the road network, seems to adapt to the route of
the river, along the important axis of major transit, connecting
North-South, documented in this territory from Roman times
until the XIIthcentury [10], used by small rural communities that
in Late Antiquity, they take advantage of therocky ridges to dig
their own burials.
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